Abortion became widely available in public hospitals and private clinics and was subsidized by the government if performed at a government institution. However, in November, Jarosław Kaczyński – chairman of the ruling party – blamed Poland’s low fertility rate on excessive consumption of alcohol by young women. This state of affairs created pertinent gender gaps in defense-related knowledge and skills in Polish society. In 2014 the Public Opinion Research Centre reported that only 6 percent of women recalled undergoing military training and 22 percent training in civil defense . Since coming to power in 2015, the PiS has granted more support to defence-related activities, while funnelling them into state-led channels such as its flagship project—the Territorial Defence Forces, formed in 2016. Evidence consistently demonstrates that laws restricting or criminalizing abortion do not eliminate it, but rather drive people to seek abortion through means that may put their mental and physical health at risk and diminish their autonomy and dignity.
- While strengthening allied defence and deterrence is rightfully supported by voters in Poland, the left can still intervene in this momentum.
- In 2014 the Public Opinion Research Centre reported that only 6 per cent of women recalled undergoing military training and 22 per cent training in civil defence .
- In a recent survey commissioned by the Polish portal Defence24, 41 percent of women declared interest in undergoing basic military training if available.
- That was followed by pregnancy being a risk (33%), their home being too small (24%), and them being afraid that the father of the child would not help (19%).
- After martial law in Poland, the first publications discussing feminist ideas appeared in the public sphere, which were sometimes considered cover for the actual social situation.
The report includes evidence on how wages have evolved through the COVID-19 crisis as well as how the current inflationary context is biting https://absolute-woman.com/european-women/polish-women/ into real wage growth in most regions of the world. The report shows that for the first time in the 21st century real wage growth has fallen to negative values while, at the same time, the gap between real productivity growth and real wage growth continues to widen. The International Labour Organization’s Global Wage Report is a key reference on wages http://super-podlahy.cz/2023/01/23/julie-otsukas-the-buddha-in-the-attic-is-a-shimmering-novel-of-mail-order-brides/ and wage inequality for the academic community and policy-makers around the world. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Lipedema is a chronic, progressive disorder of adipose tissue that occurs almost exclusively in women . The condition has only recently been included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) of the World Health Organization as a separate clinical entity in the category “Certain noninflammatory disorders of subcutaneous fat,” code EF02.2. According to the ICD-11 description, “Lipoedema is characterized by non-pitting diffuse ‘fatty’ swelling, usually confined to the legs, thighs, hips and upper arms.
Quality of life, depression severity, and lipedema symptoms
And it is these on-the-ground sentiments which the illiberal right has effectively tapped. While emphasizing military elements, these volunteer channels significantly shift the focus towards societal resilience, human security, and non-military challenges. The overall sense of geopolitical stability after 1989 saw the reduction and professionalization of the Polish army, and the gradual detachment of citizens from the realm of defense. This professionalized defense has long remained a ‘man’s business,’ despite military careers being open to women following accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 2016, women constituted fewer than 5 percent of army personnel and existing regulations engendered military service as a male civic duty. The Progressive Yearbook focuses on transversal European issues that have left a mark on 2022, delivering insightful future-oriented analysis for the new year.
It found that the most common responses were that women were worried about work (40%) and that they cannot financially afford having children (39%). The figures come after the introduction in 2021 of a near-total ban on abortion that many believe has made women less likely to want to get pregnant. Recent years have also seen a continual decline in Poland’s fertility rate, despite efforts by the government to boost the number of births. But the birthrate is again declining and Kaczynski admitted last month the program isn’t working as intended. The birthrate stood at 1.32 children per woman in 2021, according to Polish state statistics. “I am really a sincere supporter of women’s equality, but I am not a supporter of women pretending to be men, and men pretending to be women,” Kaczynski said.
The fiscal debates set to dominate European politics
In January of this year, Polish politicians rejected http://laguinz.cluster031.hosting.ovh.net/index.php/2023/01/10/engage-the-exotic-spanish-women-photos-of-latin-women/ a bill that would increase women’s access to abortion, provide free and accessible contraception, offer emergency contraception without prescription, and incorporate comprehensive sex education at school. Instead, legislation is moving forward in Poland’s parliament that would further restrict abortion rights by banning the procedure for fetuses with congenital disorders. On Jan. 13 thousands of people protested in front of Parliament in Warsaw over the rejection of the pro-abortion rights bill and the progress of the anti-abortion bill. The European Commission and EU member states should urgently address rule of law breaches and their impact on women’s human rights, including reproductive rights, in Poland. The European Commission should trigger legal infringement proceedings for Polish authorities’ use of a politically compromised Constitutional Tribunal to erode the rights of people in Poland and undermine democratic checks and balances, in blatant violation of the EU Treaties. So far, the government’s radical platform has not however led to a backlash against women in defense.
With 237 seats in the Sejm and 66 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish parliament. Luckily, the Polish liberal left has ample resources on which to build its programmatic interventions.
The anti-abortion ruling’s anniversary comes amid increasing tensions between Poland’s government and the European Union after an October 7 Constitutional Tribunal ruling rejecting the binding nature of EU law. It followed a series of EU Court of Justice rulings that the Polish government’s weakening of judicial independence breaches EU law. The European Commission said it “will not hesitate to make use of its powers” under EU treaties to ensure application of EU law and protect people’s rights. U.S. women can learn from strategies Polish women have deployed, said Giselle Carino of Fòs Feminista, an activist organization that fights for women’s rights around the world. The failure of the outlaw bill in 2016 was seen as a success for abortion-rights advocates in the country, though the restrictions remain.
Dr. Janusz Rudzinski talks on the phone to a woman seeking an abortion as he performs the procedure in Prenzlau, Germany, in March 2017. He is also Senior Lecturer in Polish Studies and Director of the Polish Studies Programme at the University of Cambridge, where he works on Polish culture, politics and history. https://www.parsbau.de/first-usaf-female-officer-attends-royal-thai-air-force-air-command-and-staff-college-air-force-article-display/ Moreover, the infant mortality rate also increased in 2021, reversing a long-term decline, with doctors saying that the new near-total abortion ban is behind that development. That was followed by pregnancy being a risk (33%), their home being too small (24%), and them being afraid that the father of the child would not help (19%). “This decrease can be partly explained by the demographic changes that have taken place during this period,” said CBOS in an analysis of its survey, cited by the Dziennik Gazeta Prawna newspaper.
Pacifist stances on the left do not fully explain this inaction, given that societal resilience can take many forms, including the non-violent, civic and civilian-based. So far, the opposition has been largely reactive, criticising defence-related developments as dangerous and party-driven—evidently unaware that similar changes are also occurring in more stable liberal democracies in the Baltic Sea region. This state of affairs created pertinent gender gaps in defence-related knowledge and skills in Polish society. In 2014 the Public Opinion Research Centre reported that only 6 per cent of women recalled undergoing military training and 22 per cent training in civil defence . When swaths of youth took to the streets in 2020 to protest against the Law and Justice government over its abortion ban, analysts proclaimed a social revolution was emerging in the country.
One is provided by the Nordic states, where the doctrine of ‘total defense,’ recently revived for uncertain times, has been closely tied to the idea of a solidaristic welfare state. This has not hindered these countries from excelling in democracy, peace, and gender-equality indexes.